Researcher Alberto Caballero, a Doctor of Philosophy student at the University of Vigo in Spain, claimed that there might be four extraterrestrial civilizations that could attack Earth.

Last month, Caballero authored a study in the International Journal of Astrobiology in which he claimed that he pinpointed the “WoW! Signal," reported New York Post. He said that the Wow! Signal, which was detected by a radio telescope on Aug. 15, 1977, may have originated at a Sun-like star that is 1,800 lightyears from Earth in the Sagittarius constellation, reported Interesting Engineering.

Now, Caballero’s paper, “Estimating the Prevalence of Malicious Extraterrestrial Civilizations,” is considered to be more of a “thought experiment.” He told scientists to use caution in using the practice of Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence (METI) as it could provoke an alien invasion. Humans are in all likelihood safe for the time being as such an event takes place once every 100 million years, he wrote.

Caballero researched human “invasions” of other countries over the last 50 years while putting together the study. Then he used that data and applied it to the number of known “exoplanets” in our galaxy. Italian scientist Claudio Maccone estimated it to be around 15,785.

Caballero estimated that there could be four “malicious” alien civilizations. He said that he did the paper based only on life as we know it, but people don’t know the mind of extraterrestrials. He shared that an extraterrestrial civilization may have a brain with a "different chemical composition and they might not have our empathy or they might have more psychopathological behaviors." He added that he found this way to do (the study), which has limitations, because we don’t know the mind of what aliens would be like.”

Caballero's paper is an attempt to determine how many malicious extraterrestrial civilizations there could be, and how likely it is that they would invade us. The number he came up with is staggeringly small, with a 0.0014% chance of Earth being invaded by a technologically advanced civilization. It is mostly based on the fact that the more advanced a civilization the less likely it is to revert to attack for “more advanced” read “consumes more energy." That is the driving forces behind the division of space-faring civilizations known as the Kardashev Scale -- Type 1 or “planetary” civilization has harnessed all major forms of energy available from its home planet.

It also includes the energy received by the home world from its parent star. Type 2 or “stellar” civilization can obtain and store all the energy its parent star releases. Its power consumption is 10 orders of magnitude more than a Type 1 civilization. As for Type 3 or “galactic” civilization, it can access and control much of the energy the entire galaxy generates.

Caballero said that data from last century showed that the "frequency of invasions between countries have gradually decreased as time goes by," according to Forbes. He added that based on that data a civilization like humanity "would be more likely to invade than a Type-1 civilization, but they would not have the means to travel to an extraterrestrial planet.”

UFO Festival
People take pictures of exhibits at the International UFO Museum and Research Center during the UFO Festival on July 2, 2021 in Roswell, New Mexico. - The festival returns during the July 4th holiday weekend following the Covid-19 pandemic. A highly awaited US intelligence report on dozens of mysterious unidentified flying object sightings said most could not be explained, but did not rule out that some could be alien spacecraft. The report made no mention of the possibility of -or rule out - that some of the objects sighted could represent extra-terrestrial life. The military and intelligence community have conducted research on them as a potential threat. Photo by Patrick T. Fallon/AFP via Getty Images

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