Seafood Mislabeled; Which Fish Are Mislabeled The Most?

One-third of seafood is mislabeled according to a new two-year study. The study, conducted by environmental advocacy group Oceana, sampled more than 1,200 items from grocery stores and restaurants across the U.S. and discovered that a third were mislabeled after DNA testing concluded that the products were not the fish being advertised.

"Our findings demonstrate that a comprehensive and transparent traceability system -- one that tracks fish from boat to plate -- must be established at the national level," Oceana said in a statement. "At the same time, increased inspection and testing of our seafood, specifically for mislabeling, and stronger federal and state enforcement of existing laws combating fraud are needed to reverse these disturbing trends. "

Not all seafood is mislabeled equally. Red snapper topped the list and was found to be mislabeled a staggering 87 percent of the time. White tuna was next, with 84 percent of the samples actually made of escolar. Salmon was the seafood mislabeled the least often, with only 28 samples out of nearly 400 bearing an incorrect label.

"Some of the fish substitutions we found are just disturbing," said Dr. Kimberly Warner, report author and senior scientist at Oceana, told The Huffington Post. "Apart from being cheated, many consumers are being denied the right to choose fish wisely based on health or conservation concerns."

Oceana advises consumers to ask questions about the seafood they purchase and to be skeptical of low prices.

"If the price is too good to be true, it probably is, and you are likely purchasing a completely different species that what is on the label," the group warns.

Here's the official press release from Oceana:

Oceana, the largest international advocacy group working solely to protect the world's oceans, uncovered widespread seafood fraud across the United States, according to a new report released today. In one of the largest seafood fraud investigations in the world to date, DNA testing confirmed that one-third, or 33 percent, of the 1,215 fish samples collected by Oceana from 674 retail outlets in 21 states were mislabeled, according to U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines.

"Purchasing seafood has become the ultimate guessing game for U.S. consumers," said Beth Lowell, campaign director at Oceana. "Whether you live in Florida or Kansas, no one is safe from seafood fraud. We need to track our seafood from boat to plate so that consumers can be more confident that the fish they purchase is safe, legal and honestly labeled."

Oceana found seafood fraud everywhere it tested, including mislabeling rates of 52 percent in Southern California, 49 percent in Austin and Houston, 48 percent in Boston (including testing by The Boston Globe), 39 percent in New York City, 38 percent in Northern California and South Florida, 36 percent in Denver, 35 percent in Kansas City (MO/KS), 32 percent in Chicago, 26 percent in Washington, D.C., 21 percent in Portland (OR) and 18 percent in Seattle.

Oceana's study targeted fish with regional significance as well as those found to be frequently mislabeled in previous studies such as red snapper, cod, tuna and wild salmon. Of the most commonly collected types of fish, snapper and tuna had the highest mislabeling rates across the country at 87 and 59 percent, respectively. While 44 percent of all the retail outlets visited sold mislabeled fish, sushi venues had the worst level of mislabeling at 74 percent, followed by other restaurants at 38 percent and then grocery stores at 18 percent.

"Some of the fish substitutions we found are just disturbing," said Dr. Kimberly Warner, report author and senior scientist at Oceana. "Apart from being cheated, many consumers are being denied the right to choose fish wisely based on health or conservations concerns."

Among the report's other key findings include:

• Mislabeling was found in 27 of the 46 fish types tested (59 percent).
• Only seven of the 120 red snapper samples collected nationwide were actually red snapper.
• Between one-fifth to more than one-third of the halibut, grouper, cod and Chilean seabass samples were mislabeled.
• 84 percent of the white tuna samples were actually escolar, a species that can cause serious digestive issues for some individuals who eat more than a few ounces.
• Fish on the FDA's "DO NOT EAT" list for sensitive groups such as pregnant women and children because of their high mercury content were sold to customers who had ordered safer fish: tilefish sold as red snapper and halibut in New York City and king mackerel sold as grouper in South Florida.
• Cheaper farmed fish were substituted for wild fish: pangasius sold as grouper, sole, and cod, tilapia sold as red snapper and Atlantic farmed salmon sold as wild or king salmon.
• Overfished and vulnerable species were substituted for more sustainable catch: Atlantic halibut sold as Pacific halibut and speckled hind sold as red grouper.

About Seafood Fraud
Seafood fraud can come in many different forms - from mislabeling fish and falsifying documents, to adding too much ice to packaging.

Today, more than 90 percent of the seafood consumed in the U.S. is imported, while less than 1 percent is inspected by the government specifically for fraud. With more than 1,700 different species of seafood from all over the world now available for sale in the U.S., it is unrealistic to expect consumers to be able to independently and accurately determine what they are actually eating.

Despite growing concern about where our food comes from, consumers are frequently served the wrong fish - a completely different species than the one they paid for. Oceana and others have found that seafood mislabeling often disguises fish that are less desirable, cheaper or more readily available.

Our fish often travels through an increasingly complex and obscure seafood supply chain, making it difficult to identify if fraud is occurring on the boat, during processing, at the retail counter or somewhere else along the way.

Oceana is calling on the federal government to require traceability of all seafood sold in the U.S. Tracking fish from boat to plate would not only significantly reduce seafood fraud and help keep illegally caught fish out of the U.S. market, it would also give consumers more information about the fish they purchase, including the species name, where, when and how it was caught, if it was farmed or previously frozen and if any additives were using during processing.